About

The lectures are by Yiqing Xu, Department of Political Science, Stanford University. Version 1.0.0 was released in September 2026.

Credits

Much of the material builds on joint work and on colleagues’ slides.

• Lecture 3 follows Xu, Zhao, and Ding (2026), with the application from Cao, Xu, and Zhang (2022, Journal of Development Economics) and the fdid R package.
• Lectures 4 and 5 draw on the reanalysis study with Albert Chiu, Xingchen Lan, and Ziyi Liu (Chiu, Lan, Liu, and Xu 2026). The replication figures in Lecture 5 come from that project.
• Lectures 1 and 2 build on teaching slides by Jens Hainmueller, as noted on their reference slides.
• Lecture 6 uses Luke Sanford’s Benin land-titling example and, on the synthetic difference-in-differences slides, figures from the authors’ slides (Arkhangelsky, Athey, Hirshberg, Imbens, and Wager). Both are credited on the slides.

Related papers

• Xu, Yiqing. 2017. “Generalized Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference with Interactive Fixed Effects Models.” Political Analysis 25 (1): 57–76.
• Xu, Yiqing. 2023. “Causal Inference with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data: A Reflection.” In The Oxford Handbook of Engaged Methodological Pluralism in Political Science, 353–374. Oxford University Press.
• Liu, Licheng, Ye Wang, and Yiqing Xu. 2024. “A Practical Guide to Counterfactual Estimators for Causal Inference with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data.” American Journal of Political Science 68 (1): 160–176.
• Chiu, Albert, Xingchen Lan, Ziyi Liu, and Yiqing Xu. 2026. “Causal Panel Analysis under Parallel Trends: Lessons from a Large Reanalysis Study.” American Political Science Review 120 (1): 245–266.
• Xu, Yiqing, Anqi Zhao, and Peng Ding. 2026. “Factorial Difference-in-Differences.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 121 (554): 963–975.